Pragmatic, politically achievable, evidence-based, and responsive to consumer pressure. Weaknesses: Often co-opted by industry (‘happy meat’ as a fig leaf); does not address the killing itself; can legitimise inherently harmful systems (e.g., a ‘humane’ slaughterhouse is still a slaughterhouse).
Similarly, animal testing remains a contentious battleground. While the scientific community historically relied on animals for biomedical research, the rise of alternatives like organ-on-a-chip technology and computer modeling has does not address the killing itself
Using fewer animals to obtain the same amount of data. Refinement: Improving procedures to minimize pain. can legitimise inherently harmful systems (e.g.